Open in molab View on GitHub Download .py

Calibration of non-linear relations¶

Non linear relations of $y = f(x)$¶

When we expect $$y = ax^2 + bx + c$$, our task is to estimate $a, b, c$ using the best-fit, i.e that coefficients that give us the smallest error between the the model and the measurements.

In any case, the easiest and most accurate fit is of a linear type - we know that the static sensitivity is our goal and it has a lot of usefuleness in the following measurements. Therefore we always look for the way to convert our non-linear relation to linear one and then perform best-fit or regression on the transformed variables.

\[ y = ax^2 + bx \to y/x = ax + b \]

\[ y = bx^a \to \log(y) = a \log(x) + \log(b) \]

\[ y = b\exp{ax} = be^{ax} \to \ln(y) = a\ln(x) + \ln(b) \]

import pylab
from pylab import figure, log, log10, loglog, plot, polyfit, xlabel, xlim, ylabel, ylim
pylab.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = 10, 8 
pylab.rcParams['font.size'] = 16 

# read the data
import numpy as np
x = np.array([0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0]) # cm
y = np.array([0.4, 1.0, 2.3, 6.9, 15.8, 36.4, 110.1, 253.2]) # Volt

_fig = figure()
plot(x, y, 'o:')
xlim(-5, 110)
ylim(-5, 300)
xlabel('$x$ [cm]')
ylabel('$y$ [V]')

Conclusion:¶

Obviously the result is non-linear and the best sensitivity we can get is between 20 and 40 cm, but not for small distances
If the relationship is a known function and it's a physically relevant one, we could use it to show that distance to voltage should be related as a power law and not really linearly. Let's check the logarithmic scale, since we know that:

$\log y = \log (bx^m) = \log b + m \log x $

_fig = figure()
loglog(x, y, 'o:')
# xlim(-5,110)
# ylim(-5,300)
xlabel('$x$ [cm]')
ylabel('$y$ [V]')

This result shows that the result is close to linear in the log-log space. Let's do calibration in $\log(x)$ and $\log(y)$. It can be either $\log$ or $\log_{10}$

_fig = figure()
plot(log(x), log(y), 'o:')
# xlim(-5,110)
# ylim(-5,300)
xlabel('$\\log (x)$ [cm]')
ylabel('$\\log (y) $ [V]')

# linear fit
p = polyfit(log10(x),log10(y),1)
p

array([ 1.21031575, -0.01252781])

# let's check the fit:
_fig = figure()
yfit = 10 ** (p[0] * log10(x) + p[1])
plot(x, y, 'o:', x, yfit, 'rs--')
xlim(-5, 110)
ylim(-5, 300)
xlabel('$x$ [cm]')
ylabel('$y$ [V]')

how do we measure?¶

measure the $y$ [V], take a $\log_{10}(y)$, estimate the $\log_{10}(x) $ using the calibration curve:

$ \log_{10}(x) = (\log_{10}(y) + 0.0125)/1.21 $

Note that we can use this function in the full input scale and full output scale, take:

$10^{\log_{10} (x)}$

The sensitivity of this function is:

$K(x) = dy/dx = d/dx ( x^{1.2} ) = 1.2 x^{0.2} $

_fig = figure()
K = 1.21 * x ** 0.21
plot(x, K, 'o:', lw=2)
xlabel('$x$ [cm]')
ylabel('Sensitivity, K(x) ')

Calibration of non-linear relations¶

Non linear relations of \(y = f(x)\)¶

Conclusion:¶

how do we measure?¶